Rollo May
Rollo May (April 21, 1909 – October 22, 1994) was an American existential psychologist. He authored the influential book Love and Will during 1969. He is often associated with both humanistic psychology and existentialist philosophy. May was a close friend of the theologian Paul Tillich. His works include Love and Will and The Courage to Create, the latter title honoring Tillich's The Courage to Be.
Contents
Biography
May was born in Ada, Ohio in 1909. He experienced a difficult childhood, with his parents divorcing and his sister becoming schizophrenic. His educational career took him to Michigan State University majoring in English and Oberlin College for a bachelor's degree, teaching for a time in Greece, to Union Theological Seminary for a Bachelor of Divinity(BD) during 1938, and finally to Columbia University for a PhD in clinical psychology during 1949. May was a founder and faculty member of Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center in San Francisco.[1]
He spent the final years of his life in Tiburon on San Francisco Bay, where he died in October 1994.
Accomplishments
May was influenced by American humanism, and interested in reconciling existential psychology with other philosophies, especially Freud's.
May considered Otto Rank (1884-1939) to be the most important precursor of existential therapy. Shortly before his death, May wrote the foreword to Robert Kramer's edited collection of Rank’s American lectures. “I have long considered Otto Rank to be the great unacknowledged genius in Freud’s circle,” wrote May (Rank, 1996, p. xi).
May used some traditional existential terms in a slightly different fashion than others, and he invented new words for traditional existentialist concepts. Destiny, for example, could be "thrownness" combined with "fallenness"— the part of our lives that is determined for us, for the purpose of creating our lives. He also used the word "courage" to signify resisting anxiety.
He defined certain "stages" of development:
- Innocence – the pre-egoic, pre-self-conscious stage of the infant. An innocent is only doing what he or she must do. However, an innocent does have a degree of will in the sense of a drive to fulfill needs.
- Rebellion – the rebellious person wants freedom, but does not yet have a good understanding of the responsibility that goes with it.
- Decision – The person is in a transition stage in their life such that they need to be more independent from their parents and settle into the "ordinary stage". In this stage they must decide what to do with their life, and fulfilling rebellious needs from the rebellious stage.
- Ordinary – the normal adult ego learned responsibility, but finds it too demanding, and so seeks refuge in conformity and traditional values.
- Creative – the authentic adult, the existential stage, self-actualizing and transcending simple egocentrism.
These are not "stages" in the traditional sense. A child may certainly be innocent, ordinary or creative at times; an adult may be rebellious. The only association with certain ages is in terms of importance: rebelliousness is more important for a two year old or a teenager.
May perceived the sexual mores of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as commercialization of sex and pornography, as having influenced society such that people believed that love and sex are no longer associated directly. According to May, emotion has become separated from reason, making it acceptable socially to seek sexual relationships and avoid the natural drive to relate to another person and create new life. May believed that sexual freedom can cause modern society to neglect more important psychological developments. May suggests that the only way to remedy the cynical ideas that characterize our times is to rediscover the importance of caring for another, which May describes as the opposite of apathy.
His first book, The Meaning of Anxiety, was based on his doctoral dissertation, which in turn was based on his reading of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. His definition of anxiety is "the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a self" (1967, p. 72). He also quotes Kierkegaard: "Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom". In 1956, he edited the book Existence with Ernest Angel and Henri Ellenberger. Existence helped introduce existential psychology to the US.
Bibliography
- The Meaning of Anxiety (1950), W W Norton 1996 revised edition: ISBN 0-393-31456-1
- Man’s Search for Himself (1953), Delta 1973 reprint: ISBN 0-385-28617-1
- Existence (1956), Jason Aronson 1994 reprint: ISBN 1-56821-271-2
- The Art of Counseling (1965), Gardner Press 1989 rev. edition: ISBN 0-89876-156-5
- Psychology and the Human Dilemma (1967), W W Norton 1996 reprint: ISBN 0-393-31455-3
- Love and Will (1969), W W Norton ISBN 0-393-01080-5, Delta 1989 reprint: ISBN 0-385-28590-6
- Power and Innocence: A Search for the Sources of Violence (1972), W W Norton 1998 reprint ISBN 0-393-31703-X
- Paulus. A personal portrait of Paul Tillich (1973), Harper & Row ISBN 0-00-211689-8
- The Courage to Create (1975), W W Norton 1994 reprint: ISBN 0-393-31106-6
- Freedom and Destiny (1981), W W Norton 1999 edition: ISBN 0-393-31842-7
- The Discovery of Being: Writings in Existential Psychology (1983), W W Norton 1994 reprint: ISBN 0-393-31240-2
- My Quest for Beauty (1985), Saybrook Publishing ISBN 0-933071-01-9
- The Cry for Myth (1991), Delta 1992 reprint: ISBN 0-385-30685-7
References
Additional References
- Rank, Otto (1996). A Psychology of Difference: The American Lectures [talks given 1924–1938; edited and with an introductory essay by Robert Kramer]. Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-04470-8
External links
Primary Sources
- The Meaning of Anxiety By Rollo May, 1950, 1977, 1996
- The Courage to Create, by Rollo May, 1975
- Man's Search for Himself , By Rollo May, 1953, 1981, 2009
- The Discovery of Being: writings in existential psychology By Rollo May, 1983
Secondary Sources
