| | Some of the earliest thinking about possible biological bases of personality grew out of the case of [[Phineas Gage]]. In an 1848 accident, a large iron rod was driven through Gage's head, and his personality apparently changed as a result (although descriptions<ref name="return_of_phineas">{{cite journal | author = Damasio H., Grabowski T,. Frank R., Galaburda AM., Damasio AR | year = 1994 | title = The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 264 | issue = 5162 | pages = pp.1102–5 | doi = 10.1126/science.8178168 }}</ref> of these psychological changes are usually exaggerated<ref>{{cite book | author = Macmillan, M. | year = 2000 | title = An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage | publisher = [[MIT Press]] | isbn = 0262133636 | chapter= Chs. 6,13,14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Macmillan, M. (2008)|url=http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm/volumeID_21-editionID_164-ArticleID_1399-getfile_getPDF/thepsychologist%5C0908look.pdf|format=PDF|title=Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth ''The Psychologist'' ([[British Psychological Society]]), 21(9): 828-831}}</ref> — see the [[Phineas Gage|article on Gage]]). | | Some of the earliest thinking about possible biological bases of personality grew out of the case of [[Phineas Gage]]. In an 1848 accident, a large iron rod was driven through Gage's head, and his personality apparently changed as a result (although descriptions<ref name="return_of_phineas">{{cite journal | author = Damasio H., Grabowski T,. Frank R., Galaburda AM., Damasio AR | year = 1994 | title = The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 264 | issue = 5162 | pages = pp.1102–5 | doi = 10.1126/science.8178168 }}</ref> of these psychological changes are usually exaggerated<ref>{{cite book | author = Macmillan, M. | year = 2000 | title = An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage | publisher = [[MIT Press]] | isbn = 0262133636 | chapter= Chs. 6,13,14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Macmillan, M. (2008)|url=http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm/volumeID_21-editionID_164-ArticleID_1399-getfile_getPDF/thepsychologist%5C0908look.pdf|format=PDF|title=Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth ''The Psychologist'' ([[British Psychological Society]]), 21(9): 828-831}}</ref> — see the [[Phineas Gage|article on Gage]]). |